国贸贸易-复习提要part1.doc

复习提要 一、前言 International trade consists of merchandise trade and trade in services. [merchandise trade:商品贸易] 二、贸易理论部分(Trade Theories) 1. 重商主义（Mercantilism） Mercantilism is the collection of similar attitudes toward domestic economic activity and the role of international trade. It cannot be classified as a formal school of thought. 重商主义核心观点：Central to Mercantilist thinking was the view that national wealth was reflected in a country’s holdings of precious metals. 重商主义对经济活动的看法：Mercantilists regarded economic activities as a zero-sum game. Economic activities should be regulated by government. 重商主义对国际贸易的观点：Mercantilists stressed the need to maintain an access of exports over imports, that is, a favorable balance of trade or positive trade balance. Governments attempted to control international trade with special policies. Exports were subsidized and quotas and high tariffs were placed on imports of goods. 2. 古典贸易理论（The Classical Trade Theory） (1)亚当斯密与“绝对优势理论”absolute advantage theory Adam Smith的核心观点：Smith perceived that a nation’s wealth was reflected in its productive capacity, not in its holdings of precious metals. Adam Smith对政府作用的看法：He stressed that a government policy of laissez faire would best provide the environment for increasing a nation’s wealth. The proper role of government was to guarantee the free operation of markets by removing barriers and let the markets play the role of an “invisible hand”. Adam Smith对国际贸易的观点：Countries should specialize in and export those commodities in which they had an absolute advantage and should import those commodities in which the trading partner has an absolute advantage. He believed that Trade was mutually beneficial and was a positive-sum game. (2)大卫李嘉图与“比较优势理论”comparative advantage theory Ricardian Model (李嘉图模型)的假设： ① Each country has a fixed endowment of resources, and all units of each particular resource are identical. [李嘉图模型认为禀赋无差异，而HO理论却认为要素禀赋的差异导致贸易产生] ② The factors of production are completely mobile between alte