7defects.pptVIP

Lecture 7 Defects in crystalOct, 2004 Objectives Defects Defects Classification of Defects Intrinsic point defects Vacancies Interstitials Frenkel Defects Schottky and Frenkel defects Kroger-Vink Notation Defects and Notations Calculation of defects concentration Color centers Silicon Doped Silicon Doped Silicon The band picture Line Defects - Edge dislocations Burgers Vector Edge Dislocations Slipping Line Defects - Screw dislocations Burgers’ Vector Dislocations: screw Density of dislocations: ?=n/Sfrom 102 dislocations/cm2 in the best Ge and Si to 1012 dislocations/cm2 in heavily deformed metals Motion of dislocation can be blocked by: another dislocation, grain boundary, point defect Motion of dislocation Dislocations in Nickel Complex Dislocation Tangles Observation of Dislocations Etching to Reveal Dislocation Motion Planar Defects –Stacking Faults Planar Defects - Twinning Twinning in BaTiO3 Planar Defects-Low Angle Grain Boundry  Body defects the second phase, pores, etc. Effect of Porosity on Stiffness Effect of Porosity on Strength Summary Originally proposed to account for mechanical strength in crystals. Consists of an extra plane of atoms which terminates within the crystal. This distorts the local environment. If the dislocation was not present, then atom at A would be at A’ We define a vector B which shows the displacement of A due to the dislocation. B is known as the Burgers’ Vector. For an edge dislocation, the Burgers’ vector is perpendicular to the dislocation Edge dislocation in simple cubic crystal dislocation line Burger vector ^ dislocation line Burger circuit- path around dislocation line: 3 steps to-, 3 steps down, 3 steps to -, 3 steps up. “Failure” to close this circuit is Burger vector b Dislocation may “glide”- little energy should be supply to slip crystal. Elastic limit in real crystal ideal crystal. Such defects are produced by part of the crystal “slipping” with respect