MolBio_p04_pres_03.pptVIP

Eukaryotic Cell Much larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells 10 um - 100 um, volume is 103 - 106 times greater than prokaryotes Earliest fossils, 1.4 billion years ago Can be multicellular-specialized function Many specialized compartments and membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic Cell (animal) 1.7 Eukaryotic Cell (plant) 1.7 Nucleus Command center for gene expression Contains 95% of the cell’s DNA Site of RNA synthesis (transcription) DNA is in a complex called chromatin Nucleus Structure 8.1 Chromatin 4.13 DNA-Protein complex (1:1 mass ratio) Proteins are histones (basic amino acids) Histones help to pack DNA (146 bp +linker) Protect DNA from enzymatic degradation Two Types of Chromatin 4.14 Heterochromatin densely packed unexpressed DNA Euchromatin dispersed actively expressed DNA Condenses during mitosis Nucleolus Densely staining region of the nucleus Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly Nuclear Matrix Cytoskeleton fibers Compartmentalize and control movement within the nucleus Lamins Line inner membrane of the envelope intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton give shape to envelope, bind DNA phosphorylated during mitosis Nuclear Envelope Double membrane Outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum Outer and inner membranes fuse to create nuclear pores ER and Golgi 9.10 Endoplasmic Reticulum Continuous with the outer nuclear membrane Largest membrane in the cell Series of membrane enclosed ducts Interior is called the lumen Two types of endoplasmic reticulum Smooth ER, no ribosomes Rough ER, contains ribosomes Cellular Protein Transport Transport network begins in rough ER (Nobel to Gunter Blobel 1999) 1) Synthesis in rough ER lumen 2) Travel through ER (modification) 3) Enter transfer vesicle 4) Bud from ER into transfer vesicle 5) Fuse with golgi complex Golgi Complex 9.24 Golgi Complex Membrane system of flattened, fluid-filled sacs Route proteins to final destination Proteins become modified with carbohydrates, li