学术研究6-How to Write a Scientific Paper .ppt

How to Write a  Scientific Paper ? By George M. Whitesides Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Contents What is a scientific paper? The reason for outlines How should you construct an outline? What should an outline contain? Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusion Experimental In summary Some Points of English Style What is a scientific paper? What is a scientific paper?什么是科技论文？ A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.” 科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述，以此向读者论述。论文是研究工作的中心部分。如果你的研究没有写成论文，也就等同于没有做研究。有意义但没有发表，等同于不存在。 What is a scientific paper?什么是科技论文？ Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.” 要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，从一些测试中得出结论，并把结论传授给别人。你的研究目的不是简单的收集数据。 What is a scientific paper?什么是科技论文？ A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed research program, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If you clearly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be immensely useful to you in organizing and conducting your research. 一篇论文并不仅仅是收集已经得到的研究结果，它也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架。如果明确了论文的目的，这对于计划开展你的研究工作有很大益处。 What is a scientific paper?什么是科技论文？ A good outline for the paper is also a good plan for the research program. You should write and rewrite these plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. At the beginning, you will have mostly plan; 好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划； What is a scientific paper?什么是科技论文？ at the end, mostly outline. The continuous effort to understand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will