chapter_1_2012.pptVIP

Binary Codes Example: Consider decimal 185 and its corresponding value in BCD and binary: ■ BCD Addition Binary Codes Example: Consider the addition of 184 + 576 = 760 in BCD: ■ Decimal Arithmetic Binary Codes ■ Other Decimal Codes Binary Codes ■ Gray Code Binary Codes ■ ASCII Character Code Binary Codes ■ ASCII Character Code Binary Codes ■ ASCII Character Code ASCII Character Codes American Standard Code for Information Interchange A popular code used to represent information sent as character-based data. It uses 7-bits to represent: 94 Graphic printing characters. 34 Non-printing characters Some non-printing characters are used for text format (e.g. BS = Backspace, CR = carriage return) Other non-printing characters are used for record marking and flow control (e.g. STX and ETX start and end text areas). (Refer to Table 1.7) ASCII Properties ASCII has some interesting properties: Digits 0 to 9 span Hexadecimal values 3016 to 3916 . Upper case A - Z span 4116 to 5A16 . Lower case a - z span 6116 to 7A16 . Lower to upper case translation (and vice versa) occurs by flipping bit 6. Delete (DEL) is all bits set, a carryover from when punched paper tape was used to store messages. Punching all holes in a row erased a mistake! Binary Codes ■ Error-Detecting Code To detect errors in data communication and processing, an eighth bit is sometimes added to the ASCII character to indicate its parity. A parity bit is an extra bit included with a message to make the total number of 1s either even or odd. Example: Consider the following two characters and their even and odd parity: Binary Codes ■ Error-Detecting Code Redundancy (e.g. extra information), in the form of extra bits, can be incorporated into binary code words to detect and correct errors. A simple form of redundancy is parity, an extra bit appended onto the code word to make the number of 1’s odd or even. Parity can detect all single-bit errors and some multiple-b