弹性的物理本质.pptVIP

弹性的物理本质 (1). 双原子模型: 双原子相互作用能U( r) : U(r) =U(r0) + (dU/dr)r0(r-r0) + 1/2·(d2U/dr2)r0(r-r0)2 + …… O r r0 U(r) 作用力: F = dU/dr = (d2U/dr2)r0(r-r0) = C (r-r0) -------胡克( Hooke)定律 Elastic Modulus An important materials property is termed the tensile elastic modulus, or Youngs Modulus. This is usually given the symbol E. Loosely, the modulus is defined as the force you need to provide to elongate your material. σ = E ε Measuring The Elastic Modulus Lets define stress, denoted by the Greek letter σ (sigma), as the force (F) normalized by the cross-sectional area (A) of the material: σ = F/A Lets define strain, denoted by the Greek letter ε (epsilon), as the change in length of the fiber normalized by the initial length. ε = (l1-l0) / l0 ?Now, plot stress versus strain. The slope of this line will give you the elastic modulus E of the material. ? σ = E ε This technique applies for small forces which do not irreversibly stretch the material. The material is in the elastic regime. (2). 三维块体材料 拉伸: 扭转: 体压缩: σ、τ 、 p分别为正应力、切应力和压力; ε 、 γ 、 θ分别为线应变、切应变和体应变; 比例系数E 、G 和K分别为正弹性模量（扬氏模量）、 切变模量和体积模量。 都表示材料弹性变形的难易程度。 Youngs Modulus for Typical Materials Material Modulus (GPa) Ceramics and Glasses Diamond (C) 1000 Tungsten Carbide (WC) 450 -650 Silicon Carbide (SiC) 450 Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) 390 Berylium Oxide (BeO) 380 Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 250 Zirconium Oxide (ZrO) 160 - 241 Youngs Modulus for Typical Materials Material Modulus (GPa) Metals Tungsten (W) 406 Chromium (Cr) 289 Beryllium (Be) 200 - 289 Nickel (Ni) 214 Iron (Fe) 196 Low Alloy Steels 200 - 207 Stainless Steels