MathematicalandPhysicalEnglish2012.ppt

可交换的 * 多项式 * 判别式 * 反导数 * 非正常，广义 * Riemann积分 换元公式 分步积分 不规则四边形近似 * 数项级数 * 数据处理 * 准确度，accuracy. 误差，观测值与真实值的差。实际上真实值不知道，而已测量值的平均值作为真实值。Precision 精密度。 * Deviation 偏差是精密度的量度。各观测值与平均值的差，绝对偏差。变异系数coefficient of variation:C=s/x mean. * s和σ的区别，前者样本的标准偏差，后者均方根差。两者的关系： 期望值a=0和总体方差σ2=1的正态分布叫标准正态分布。 * 中心极限定理 * 随机变量的离散型分布有二项式分布、泊松分布、超几何分布。连续型分布有正态分布，均匀分布，x2分布，t分布等。 * * where the letter C stands for the curve joining the two points. The integral is called a line integral or a path integral. represents another point in the plane. Many different paths in the plane can join the two points. In order to complete the definition of the integral in Eq. (7.41), we must specify the path in the x-y plane along which we integrate (add up the increments) from the point (x0, y0) to the point (x1, y1). We introduce the notation * In order to calculate a line integral such as that of Eq. (7.42), we replace y in M(x, y) by the function of x given in Eq. (7.43), and we replace x in N(x, y) by the function of y given in Eq. (7.44). With this replacement, M is a function of x only, and N is a function of y only, and each term becomes an ordinary one variable integral: In these integrals, specification of the curve C determines not only what the beginning point (x0, y0) and the final point (x1, y1) are, but also what the functions are that replace y in the dx integral and x in the dy integral. * Multiple Integrals While a line integral can be thought of as adding up infinitesimal contributions represented as a differential form, a multiple integral can be thought of as adding up contributions given by an integrand function times an infinitesimal element of area or of volume, etc. A double integral is the simplest kind of multiple integral. It is written in the form * where f (x, y) is the integrand function, a1 and a2 are the limits of the x integration, and b1 and b2 are the limits of the y integration. You should think of the product dy dx as an infinitesimal element of area in the x-y plane. * A dif