Introduction to phonology (I II).ppt

Introduction to phonology Instructor: Wu Min Outline I. Phoneme II. Phonological process III. Distinctive features IV. Syllable I. Phoneme Minimal pairs Phone, allophones, free variants, complementary distribution I. Phoneme Examples of minimal pairs /bi:t/-/bit/; beat-bit /bit/-/bet/; bit-bet /pi:/-/pu?/; pea-poor /fu:l/-/ful/; fool-full /g?:l/-/geil/; girl-gale /teil/-/tail/; tale-tile /hau/-/hi?/; how-here /ku:l/-/k?:l/; cool-curl /pin/-/bin/; pin-bin /bin/-/tin/; bin-tin /tin/-/din/; tin-din /din/-/kin/; din-kin /tin/-/til/; tin-till /led/-/red/; led-red /wet/-/jet/; wet-yet /feil/-/veil/; fail-veil I. Phoneme A minimal pair is any two words that ① Contain the same number of sound segments ② Differ in meaning ③ Exhibit only one phonetic difference A technique in distinguishing words, one sound substitution causes difference in meaning, a way to find phonemes I. Phoneme Discussions How about pin ban in English? Are they considered as a minimal pair? How about [phi:k] [p=i:k] in English? [p=in] [phin] in Chinese? I. Phoneme pin bin: Same number of segments Mean different things The only difference occurs in the initial sounds Thus this minimal pair demonstrates the existence of the two phonemes /p/ /b/ Phoneme: /i:/, /i/, /e/, /a:/, /u/, /u:/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /f/, /v/, /m/, /n/, /?/…… Distinguish meaning The smallest distinctive unit of sound I. Phoneme Phones: [p=], [ph], [t], [d], [f], [v] Allophones: [p=, ph] of the same phoneme /p/ ① Phonetically similar ② In complementary distribution I. Phoneme Complementary distribution /p/ →[p=] / [s] ___ (speak)[ph] elsewhere (peak) /l/ → [l] / ___V (lead)[l] V ___ (deal) (dark l) I. Phoneme Discussion: All the phones in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones. (T or F) I. Phoneme Note: Not all the phones in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones. [h] [?] are in complementary distribution, however they are not considered as allophones. [w