第3章交通流特性..pptVIP

第三章 交通流特性 第一节 交通流要素 第二节 通行能力分析 第三节 排队和延误分析 第四节 服务水平分析 第三章 交通流特性 载运工具在交通运输网内运行时，可类比于气体或液体分子在介质内的流动，称作交通流。 There is an analogy between the way water moves in waves and the way vehicle operates in the highway. A continuous movement or circulation of vehicles is called traffic flow. 第三章 交通流特性 交通流处于稳态流动状态，这时的交通流特性，通常可用三个主要指标来表征：速度(Speed) 、交通量(volume)和交通密度(density) （常称之为交通流三要素）。 交通流处于非稳态流状态，其特性可用排队长度(queue length)和等待时间(waiting time)来表征。而排队和等待时间的长短，反映了该交通运输设施的服务水平(service level)。 第三章 交通流特性 在规划、设计和管理交通运输系统及其工程设施时，必须知道载运工具在交通运输网内的流动特性： 通过它来了解和评价交通运输系统或网的性能（效率和服务水平）； 依据它来确定各项工程设施所需的通行能力(capacity)或规模。 第一节 交通流要素 一、速度 二、交通量 三、交通密度 四、交通量-速度-交通密度的关系 一、速度 Speed --- defined as a rate of motion, in distance per unit of time. 一、速度 Spot speed (地点速度) Spot speed is the instantaneous speed(瞬时速度) of a vehicle at a specified location. Spot speed can be used to design the geometry of road like horizontal and vertical curves, super elevation etc. Location and size of signs, design of signals, safe speed, and speed zone determination, require the spot speed data. Accident analysis, road maintenance, and congestion are the modern fields of traffic engineer, which uses spot speed data as the basic input. 一、速度 Spot speed can be measured using pressure contact tubes, radar speedometer or by timelapse photographic methods. Running speed (行驶速度) Running speed is the average speed maintained over a particular course while the vehicle is moving . Delays are not considered in calculating the running speed. 一、速度 Travel speed(旅行速度) Travel speed is the effective speed of the vehicle on a travel between two points and is the distance between the two points divided by the total time taken for the vehicle to complete the journey including any stopped time. Travel speed = distance /travel time Running speed = distance/running time Running time = travel time - stopped delays 一、速度 Time mean speed(时间平均速度) Time mean speed is defined as the average speed o