国际物理林匹克竞赛试题Theoretical_Exam_Question_2_English.docVIP

Theoretical Question 2 A Piezoelectric Crystal Resonator under an Alternating Voltage Consider a uniform rod of unstressed length ? and cross-sectional area A Figure 2a. Its length changes by ?? when equal and opposite forces of magnitude F are applied to its ends faces normally. The stress T on the end faces is defined to be F/A. The fractional change in its length, i.e., ??/?, is called the strain S of the rod. In terms of stress and strain, Hooke’s law may be expressed as or1 where Y is called the Young’s modulus of the rod material. Note that a compressive stress T corresponds to F 0 and a decrease in length i.e., ?? 0. Such a stress is thus negative in value and is related to the pressure p by T –p. For a uniform rod of density ?, the speed of propagation of longitudinal waves i.e., sound speed along the rod is given by2The effect of damping and dissipation can be ignored in answering the following questions. Part A: mechanical properties A uniform rod of semi-infinite length, extending from x 0 to see Figure 2b, has a density ?. It is initially stationary and unstressed. A piston then steadily exerts a small pressure p on its left face at x 0 for a very short time ?t, causing a pressure wave to propagate with speed u to the right.a If the piston causes the rod’s left face to move at a constant velocity v Figure 2b, what are the strain S and pressure p at the left face during the time ?t? Answers must be given in terms of ?, u, and v only.[1.6 points] b Consider a longitudinal wave traveling along the x direction in the rod. For a cross section at x when the rod is unstressed Figure 2c, let ?x, t be its displacement at time t and assume3 where ?0 and k are constants. Determine the corresponding velocity vx, t, strain Sx, t, and pressure px, t as a function of x and t.[2.4 points] Part B: electromechanical properties including piezoelectric effect Consider a quartz crystal slab of length b, thickness h, and width w Figure 2d. Its length and thickness are