Celluar Reproduction Mitosis and Meiosis.ppt

Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis 植物细胞有丝分裂的过程 The cell nucleus is the main repository of genetic information. 细胞核是贮藏遗传信息的主要场所。 Within the nucleus are the chromosomes tightly coiled strands of DNA and clusters of associated proteins. Long stretches of the continuous DNA molecule wind around these clusters of proteins, or histones, forming beadlike complexes known as nucleosomes. DNA盘绕成螺旋型以及复合相关的成簇蛋白质。DNA螺旋线缠绕成簇的组蛋白形成珠链状的核小体。 More coiling and supercoiling produces a dense chromosome structure. Each long strand of DNA combines with histones and nonhistone proteins to make up the substance chromatin. 这些螺旋和超螺旋形成致密的染色体组结构。每个长链DNA与组蛋白和非组蛋白一起构成染色质物质。 A pictorial display of an organisms chromosomes in the coiled, condensed state is known as a karyotype. 非性染色体称常染色体。生物细胞含有两套父母本染色体的称二倍体；含有单套染色体的称单倍体。 Non-sex chromosomes are called autosomes. Organisms whose cells contain two sets of parental chromosomes are called diploid; those with cells containing a single set of parental chromosomes are called haploid. Karyotype reveals that in most cells all but sex chromosomes are present as two copies, referred to as homologous pairs. 除了性染色体外，大多数细胞的染色体组成对出现，称同源染色体对。 The cell cycle The cell cycle is a regular sequence in which the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then repeats the cycle. Such cycling in effect makes single-celled organisms immortal. 在细胞生长过程中，细胞循环遵循特定程序，分裂准备，分裂成2个子细胞，子细胞再循环。此循环使得单细胞永生。 Many cells in multicellular organisms, including animal muscle and nerve cells, either slow the cycle or break out of it altogether. 多细胞生物中的许多细胞，包括动物肌肉和神经细胞，要么降低循环速度，要么同时分裂。 The normal cell cycle consists of four phases. 正常细胞循环由4个时期组成 The first three include G1, the period of normal metabolism; S phase, during which normal synthesis of biological molecules continues, DNA is replicated, and histones are synthesized; and G2, a brief period of metabolism and additional growth. 头三期包括G1,正常新陈代谢；S期,正常新陈代谢同时，DNA复制，组