dependency or constituency.ppt

* What is dependency or constituency involved in a sentence? In linguistics, when it comes to sentence analysis, immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis may probably be the top one method come into our minds. This theory was first mentioned by Leonard Bloomfield. The process and result of IC-analysis can, however, vary greatly based upon whether one chooses the constituency relation of phrase structure grammars (= constituency grammars) or the dependency relation of dependency grammars as the underlying principle that organizes constituents into hierarchical structures. Constituent（成分结构）: A given word plus all the words that word dominates. This definition is neutral with respect to the dependency vs constituency distinction. It allows one to compare the IC-analyses across the two types of structure. A constituent is always a complete tree or a complete subtree of a tree, regardless of whether the tree at hand is a constituency or a dependency tree. Constituent 是语法分析的一个基本术语，指一个语言单位，可大可小，大到分句，小到语素，还有单词，词组都属于constituent 的范畴。 Constituency relation The constituency relation derives from the subject-predicate division of Latin and Greek grammars that is based on term logic. Basic clause structure is understood in terms of a binary division of the clause into subject (noun phrase NP) and predicate (verb phrase VP).The binary division of the clause results in a one-to-one-or-more correspondence. For each element in a sentence, there are one or more nodes in the tree structure that one assumes for that sentence. 成分结构关系 一个句子能分析成一系列成分结构，如主语+谓语，名词短语+动词短语等。这种分出的单位又可进一步分析出各自的成分（例如名词短语可以分为限定词+名词），这种成分分析法（constituent analysis）可以不断运用直到不能再分出更小的成分为止。一种语法如果完全以这种方式分析句子，即对句子做层级结构分析，像这种有成分基础（constituent base）的语法就叫做成分结构语法（constituency grammar）。 Dependency relation By the time of Gottlob Frege, a competing understanding of the logic of sentences had arisen. Frege rejected the binary division of the sentence and replaced it with an understanding of sentence logic in terms o