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English LexicologyMorphological Processes (II): Compounding Compounding Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more roots to form a compound . airmail air force air-conditioner flowerpot flower pot flower-pot airline air line air-line girlfriend girl friend girl-friend Compounding Root (Primary) compounds: consisting of two roots N N: housewife, boy friend, arm-chair A N: blackbird, blue-collar, V N: rattlesnake, pick pocket, 司機, 跑堂, 戒指, 掌櫃 V V:看守, 翻譯, 調度, 指揮 A A: icy cold, dark blue Synthetic (Verbal) compounds: consisting of a verb and the participants of the action designated by the verb. Truck driver, hand-made, fashion designer 論文指導老師, 飛機設計師, 播音員, 理髮師, 探險隊, The Concept of Headedness A compound may have a head. arm-chair: chair A head assigns its categorial features to the word of which it is the head. Percolation (浸透) A general well-formedness condition, commonly referred to as Percolation, ensures that a word and its head have the same features. Head Feature Percolation (核心特征浸透原则） If ? is the head of ?, ? and ? are associated with same features. Percolation black en black board A V A N Right-hand Head Rule (RHR) How to specify the head of a compound? Williams (1981) proposes the following rule: Right-hand Head Rule (RHR) In morphology we define the head of a morphologically complex word to be the right-hand member of that word. Further on Head of Compound a. N [plural] N N [plural] ? Canada geese ? ? Selkirk, E. O. 1982. b. N [singular] ? Adv N [singular] ? over dose Endocentric Compounds Semantically, an endocentric compound indicates a sub-grouping within the class of entities that the head denotes. Thus, a schoolboy is a kind of boy, a bedroom is a kind of