环境英语证书考试(PEC)-环境经济学术语.docVIP

环境英语证书考试（PEC）-环境经济学术语 Abatement : Reduction in Emissions. Ability-to-Pay Principle : A principle of taxation in which taxes are based on the income or resource-ownership ability of people to pay the tax. The income tax is one of the most common taxes that seeks to abide by the ability-to-pay principle. In theory, the income tax system is set up such that people with greater incomes pay more taxes. Proportional and progressive taxes follow this ability-to-pay principle, while regressive taxes, such as sales taxes and Social Security taxes, dont. ? The logic behind the ability-to-pay principle is that taxes are collected by the government to finance public goods that provide benefits to all members of society. And because taxes are a diversion of resources from the household to the government sector, it makes sense to tax, or divert income away from, the people who actually have the income. Absolute Advantage : The ability of a producer to produce a higher absolute quantity of a good with the productive resource available. ? Abundance : ? A term that applies when individuals can obtain all the goods they want without cost. If a good is abundant, it is free. ? Accelerator : The causal relationship between changes in consumption and changes in investment. Acid Rain : The precipitation of dilute solutions of strong mineral acids, formed by the mixing in the atmosphere of various industrial pollutants -- primarily sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides -- with naturally occurring oxygen and water vapor. Aquifer : Underground source of water Acquired Endowments : resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population Adaptive Expectations : expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future Adverse Selection : principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buyi