什么是市场,中国的市场经济.ppt

* * 市场的定义 A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. 市场是相关方赖以参与交换的一种体系、制度、程序、社会关系或基础设施。 In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. 根据主流经济学，市场是让买房和卖方交换各种类型的商品、服务和信息的一种结构。 * 市场的定义 Markets can differ by products (goods, services) or factors (labour and capital) sold, product differentiation, place in which exchanges are carried, buyers targeted, duration, selling process, government regulation, taxes, subsidies, minimum wages, price ceilings, legality of exchange, liquidity, intensity of speculation, size, concentration, information asymmetry, relative prices, Volatility, and geographic extension. * 市场的定义 市场的功能： 1 、平衡供求矛盾 2 、商品交换和价值的实现 3 、服务功能 4 、传递信息功能 5 、收益分配——市场通过价格、利率、汇率、税率等经济杠杆，对市场上从事交易活动的主体--生产者、消费者、中间商进行收益分配或再分配。比如，某工业品价格上涨时，生产者可以增加收入，但是如果中间商得利很多时，生产者的收入增加并不多。这时，可以通过征收增值税来进行利益调节。 * 市场的定义 市场经济的定义 * A market economy is an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system. The major defining characteristic of a market economy is that investment decisions and the allocation of producer goods are mainly made by negotiation through markets. This is contrasted with a planned economy, where investment and production decisions are embodied in a plan of production. 市场经济的定义 * Market economies can range from： hypothetical laissez-faire and free market variants, to regulated markets and interventionist variants. In reality, market economies do not exist in pure form, since societies and governments regulate them to varying degrees. 市场经济的定义 * Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding the market economy and addressing the inequali