Topic 2 The first law of thermodynamics话题2热.PPTVIP

Topic 2 The first law of thermodynamics 2012. 02.15 2.1 Introduction of thermodynamics Therme = Heat Dynamic = Power The study of energy and its transformation Four laws: The zeroth law---temperature The first law---internal energy enthalpy The second---entropy S The third law---S=0 Energy transformations in our life History and Progress Basic concepts System and the surroundings States and properties of systems: thermodynamic parameters Process and paths Thermodynamic equilibrium Systems and surroundings An open system can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings A closed system can exchange energy with its surroundings, but it cannot exchange matter boundary An isolated system can exchange neither energy nor matter with its surroundings Process and path Initial state(T1,P1,V1) final state (T2,P2,T2) Path 1: T1,P1,V1→T1,P2,Va (Constant-temperature process) →T2,P2,V2 (Constant-pressure process) Path2: T1,P1,V1→Tb,P2,V1 (Constant-volume process) →T2,P2,V2 (Constant-pressure process) Path3:T1,P1,V1→T2,P1,Vc (Constant-presure process) →T2,P2,V2 (Constant-temperature process) State and path functions State properties: temperature, pressure, volume density, viscosity Extensive properties: dependent on amount Intensive properties: independent on amount Thermodynamic equilibrium Thermal equilibrium Temperature is equal everywhere Mechanical equilibrium No work Phase equilibrium No phase transition Chemical equilibrium No component change 2.2 The zeroth law of thermodynamics--- temperature If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. If A and C are each in thermal equilibrium with B, A is also in equilibrium with C. Temperature as a quality of heat, by Galileo and Newton The temperatures are equal for all systems in thermal equilibrium. Temperature scale Thermometers 2.3 The first law of thermodynamics States in words: