新GRE高频机经阅读.docxVIP

英国女演员地位　根据寂静“有一个讲 English Actress 的长阅读。 大致是分析为什么 1860(?记不清什么时候了)之后 English Actresses were accepted by the audiences. 第一段都是在讲几种解释，然后一一否定掉。第二段就给出了作者支持 的解释：好像是...差异来着忘了。第三段就记到说 King 通过影响 aristocrats 从而影响了 audiences 对 Actresses 的态度。有个题问道 King 的意义。”　原文应该是从Katharine Eisaman Maus的Playhouse Flesh and Blood: Sexual Ideology and the Restoration Actress （1979）中节选的。　文章谈到1660年第一个actress登台。尽管是重要的一步，但不是没有先例，e.g., Queen Henrietta Maria。是什么导致了观众观念的转变呢？难道audience突然意识到应该relinquish a set of absurd scruples?　The orthodox explanation of the actresses new acceptability is, if not entirely wrong, at least seriously insufficient. Orthodox explanation说actress出现是因为人们不满老用boys来演女人。作者随后说这种论证没有证据，因为多数观众都挺满意男孩演的Juliets, Cleopatras.. 另外有人说人们开始追求naturalism，作者也反对，因为the standard of naturalism changes from generation to generation.　1660开始的新的戏剧种类教Restoration theater，比之前更public的剧院更加intimate。女演员一直在restoration theater表演，所以已经被一小群人accepted.　作者的观点：sexual explicitness。17世纪女人低于男人的hierarchical structure已经过时了. Charles I 喜欢court drama，因为大家都dress up显示地位；然而Charles II喜欢带着面具和一帮aristocrats and rich Londoners一起party. 整个时代都趋向于更平等的社会地位。但是这同时也使人们更注重什么是typically male or female。人们开始觉得女性是非常unique and delicate的，需要独特的actress来present the female personality on stage.　发个关于1660年前后actress没地位的机经文章　In the past, only men could become actors in some societies. In the ancient Greece and Rome[13] and the medieval world, it was considered disgraceful for a woman to go on the stage, and this belief persisted until the 17th century, when in Venice it was broken. In the time of William Shakespeare, womens roles were generally played by men or boys.[14]　When an eighteen-year Puritan prohibition of drama was lifted after the English Restoration of 1660, women began to appear on stage in England. Margaret Hughes is credited by some as the first professional actress on the English stage.[15] This prohibition ended during the reign of Charles II in part due to the fact that he enjoyed watching actresses on stage.[16] The first occurrence of the te