20111341106何颖珍第11课.docVIP

Lesson 11 NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCING DNA sequencing: The two main methods of DNA sequencing are the Maxam and Gilbert chemical method in which end-labeled DNA is subjected to base-specific cleavage reactions prior to gel separation, and Sangers enzymic method. DNA测序：DNA测序的两种主要方法是Maxam 和 Gilbert化,,,,方法和Sanger 的酶方法，而前者是末端标记的DNA在凝胶分离之前需经过碱基特异性分裂反应。 The latter uses dideoxynudeotides as chain terminators to produce a ladder of molecules generated by polymerase extension of a primer. 后者是利用双脱氧核苷酸作为反应终止子，由聚合酶达到延长引物生产出分子的途径。 RNA sequence: A set of four RNases that cleave 3 to specific nucleotides are used to produce a ladder of fragments from end-labeled RNA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis allows the sequence to be read. RNA测序：每4个RNA酶一组用来产生末端标记的RNA片段的途径，而RNA酶是分割开特殊核苷酸的3’。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析允许序列被读取。 Sequence database: Newly determined DNA, RNA and protein sequences are entered into databases (EMBL and GenBank). These collections of all known sequences are available for analysis by computer. 序列数据库：新确定的DNA、RNA和蛋白质序列添加到数据库中（EMBL和GenBank）。这些全部已知的序列集体能通过电脑分析。 Analysis of sequence: Special computer software is used to search nucleic acid and protein sequences for the presence of patterns (e.g. restriction enzyme sites) or similarities (e.g. to new sequences). 序列分析：特殊的电脑软件被用于探寻现成样品或相仿的核酸和蛋白质序列（如，限制内切酶位点）。 Genome sequencing projects: The entire genome sequences of several organisms have been determined (viruses, bacteria and yeast) and those of other organisms (plant, invertebrate and human) are in progress. Often a genetic map is first produced to aid the project. 基因组测序项目：一些生物的全部基因组序列已经被确认（病毒，细菌和酵母）以及其他一些生物（植物、无脊椎动物和人类）在研究中。通常基因图谱是第一个产出用于协助项目的。 DNA sequencing: Each of the two main methods of sequencing long DNA molecules (chemical and enzymic) involves the production of a set of different sized molecules with one common end which are then separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to allow reading of the sequence. DNA测序：测序长DNA分子的两个主要方法中的任意一个（化,,,,的和酶的）参与整套不同大,,,,分子的生产