“《易林》几与《三百篇》并为四言诗矩矱”——钱钟书论《易林》述评.docVIP

“《易林》几与《三百篇》并为四言诗矩矱”——钱钟书论《易林》述评 摘要：当代学人尊之“文化昆仑”的钱钟书先生，对汉代焦延寿《易林》给予诗学意义上的极高评价：称与《诗经》“并为四言诗之矩 矱”。《管锥编》立《焦氏易林》专题，论述《乾》、《坤》……《未济》等三十林，涉及林辞数百篇。先生慧眼独具，对所论及篇、句的文学价值，从“造境寓意”、“拟象变象”、“词令之妙”等方面作细致分析，纵横比较、中外沟通，使《易林》的文学意义凸显于两汉文学背景之上，亦为中国文学史之奇葩。但钱先生以“文本自足”观认为不必为《易林》姓焦姓崔“判儿猫之是非”，本文对此提出异议。 关键词：焦延寿；易林；诗经；钱钟书 An account and comment on QIAN Zhong-shus views on Yi Lin Abstract: Mr. QIAN Zhong-shu, venerated as the Mount Kunlun of culture by modern literary scholars, had highly praised Yi Lin written by JIAO Yan-shou of the Han Dynasty in the sense of poetry: It could almost be respected, like the Book of Poetry, as a model formulating the four-character poem rules. In his writing of Guan Zui Bian, Mr. QIAN arranged a special subject of JIAOs Yi Lin and accounted 30 sets of the 64 hexagrams, relating hundreds of four-character lines of verses. Departing from the aspects of creating circumstances with metaphors, proposing and transforming images, wonderfulness of wordchoice, and comparing vertically and horizontally, Mr. QIAN made a painstaking analysis on its literary value, making Yi Lins literary sense outstanding on the literary background of the Han Dynasty. But Mr. QIAN, viewing “Yi Lin from textual selfsufficiency”, held that it was unnecessary to clarify whether the author of Yi Lin was JIAO Yan-shou or CUI Tuan. To this, this paper raised an objection. Key words: JIAO Yan-shou; Yi Lin; the Book of Poetry; QIAN Zhong-shu 《易林》是西汉后期出现的一部以《易》之六十四卦为纲而演绎的占卜书。按汉代流行“卦自为变”的方法，每卦从一爻之变到六爻皆变，六十四卦可变4096次，《易林》在每个本卦63次变卦之下，皆据本卦与变卦之象拟作一首占卜辞，共得4097首。这些占卜辞皆用四言韵语，不少具有浓郁的文学意味，是美的诗篇，自唐代以来，人们就注意了《易林》文辞优美且意味深长的特色，唐代王俞在《易林原序》中说：“辞假出于经史，其意合于神明……言近意远。”宋代文学家黄伯思在《较定〈易林〉序》中说：“文辞雅淡，颇有可观焉。”明代杨慎则干脆将其作为文学作品看：“西京文辞也！辞皆古韵，与《毛诗》、《楚辞》叶音相合，或似诗，或似乐府童谣，观者但以占卜书视之，过矣！”乃至推崇为“魏晋以后，诗人莫及”的一代杰作。稍后，竟陵派诗人钟惺、谭元春在大型古代诗歌选本《诗归》中，将《易林》文辞列为“汉诗一派”，选五十三首加以评析，总而评曰“异想幽怀情，深文急响”、“其笔力之高，笔意之妙，有数十百言所不能尽，而藏裹回翔于一字一句之中，宽然有余者，其锻炼精简，未可谓无意于文也。”清代费锡璜在《汉诗总说》中也说：“《易林》奇古，亦汉四言韵语”……现代，关注《易林》文学价