1 Huma Inquiry and Science.pptVIP

Human Inquiry and Science人类研究与科学 Holographic Overview All of us try to understand and predict social world, social research are designed to avoid the common pitfalls of ordinary human inquiry. 人们都试图理解与预测社会，社会科学研究可以避免人们在日常生活中出现的探索误区 Contents Introduction Looking for reality The foundations of social science Some dialectics of social science The ethics of social science 1 Introduction How do you know?我们如何了解社会？ General knowledge /common sense常识 The bases of knowledge is agreement 约定俗成 Direct Experience/observation 直接经验或观察 2 Looking for reality寻求真实 How could you know which is true or not? 我们如何发现真理？ Experimental reality 实验现实 Agreement reality 共识现实 The criteria that must be met 标准是 logical (make sense) 逻辑 empirical (not contradict actual observation)实证 Most knowledge comes from agreement –secondhand ones 大多数知识来自于约定谷成-二手资料 Two sources of secondhand knowledge Tradition 传统 Authority 权威 (1) Tradition传统 A culture made up ,in part, of firmly accepted knowledge ,that is, “everyone knows” 由根深蒂固的知识所构成的某种文化，即，人人都知道的常识 Advantages or disadvantages? Spare time节省时间 Hinder Human inquiry 阻碍人类的研究 Fool’s efforts (2)Authority权威  Advantages or disadvantages? Inquiry can be hinderd by error of legitimate authorities in their own province or outside their realm of expertise. 权威在自己专长的领域或超出专长的领域中犯的错误也会阻碍研究 A starting point in the searching for knowledge but maybe at the wrong point 是我们进行研究的起点，但是可能有错 （3）Errors in Inquiry and Some Solutions研究误区与解决方式 Aside from former ones, we can stumble and fall we set out to learn for ourselves 除了前述问题外，还有其它的误区 Inaccurate observations不准确的观察 Casual human inquiry随便的观察 semiconcious 是不经心的 Scientific observation 科学观察 conscious activity 自觉的观察 Measurement devices help guard against inaccurate observations 测量设计有助于防止不精确的观察 Overgeneration过度概化 Assure that a few similar events are evidence of a general pattern 从较少的事件中得出一般的规律 Two ways to solve this 两种解决问题的方式 Selecting sufficiently large and repre