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Chapter 5 Basic Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping Key Concepts Two genes close together on the same chromosome pair do not assort independently at meiosis. Recombination produces genotypes with new combinations of parental alleles. A pair of homologous chromosomes can exchange segments by crossing-over. Recombination results from either independent assortment or crossing-over. Gene loci on a chromosome can be mapped by measuring the frequencies of recombinants produced by crossing-over. Interlocus map distances based on recombination measurements are roughly additive. The occurrence of a crossover can influence the occurrence of a second crossover in an adjacent region. Introduction We have already established the basic principles of segregation and assortment, and we have correlated them with chromosome behavior during meiosis. Thus, from the cross A/a ; B/b × A/a ; B/b , we expect a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes. As we learned from Bridgess study of nondisjunction (page 76), exceptions to simple Mendelian expectations can direct the experimenters attention to new discoveries. Just such an exception observed in the progeny of a dihybrid cross provided the clue to the important concepts considered in this chapter. MESSAGE In genetic analysis, exceptions to predicted behavior are often sources of important new insights. The discovery of linkage In the early 1900s, William Bateson and R. C. Punnett were studying inheritance in the sweet pea. They studied two genes: one affecting flower color (P, purple, and p, red) and the other affecting the shape of pollen grains (L, long, and l, round). They crossed pure lines P/P · L/L (purple, long) × p/p · l/l (red, round), and selfed the F1P/p · L/l heterozygotes to obtain an F2. Table 5-1 shows the proportions of each phenotype in the F2 plants. The F2 phenotypes deviated strikingly from the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio. What is going on? This does not appear to be explainable as a modified Mendelian ratio. Note that two phenotypic cla