企业竞争模中拟的历史.docVIP

企业竞争模拟的历史 网上资料来源：/management/gbg/gbg.html The Global Business Game --A Brief History of Business Games Despite the newness and speed of the personal computer, Internet access, laser printouts and the Windows software and Excel spreadsheets associated with The Global Business Game, the use of games as a teaching and training technology is hundreds of years old. The Chinese in about 3,000 B.C. invented the war game Wei-Hai for entertainment purposes as was also the purpose of the Hindu game of Chaturanga. War gaming became serious in 1664 when Weikhmann at Ulm developed the Kings Game. War Chess by Helwig at the Court of Brunswick in Germany followed in 1780 with the most elaborate New Kriegspeil created by George Venturini at Schleswig in 1798.The first business game must be credited to Marie Birshtein. In the late-1920s and early 1930s she designed and demonstrated, at the Leningrad Institute of Engineering and Economics, active methods for training shop workers for management positions. Scoring the activities of machines and workers was done on an analogue map board. Business gamings modern era, however, occurred in the United States in the mid-1950s. The fields of computer science, education theory, game theory and operations research came together to create the first simulations at some of Americas most prestigious universities. The American Management Association began using computer-based simulations in its executive development programs in the mid-1950s with many major corporations beginning their use shortly afterwards. The business school at the University of Washington was the first to use a game. It used the Top Management Decision Game in 1957 in its business policy courses. Since that time the adoption of business games has steadily continued. It is now estimated that simulations are used in 97.5% of all AACSB schools in the United States, with the greatest penetration of this teaching method occurring in strategic management and marketing courses.