chpt 6 Cognitive variables.pptx

Chapter Six Cognitive Variables of Language LearningContentsLearning StrategiesLearning StylesLearning Strategies 策略的定义策略的分类成功学习者使用的策略学习策略的定义学习策略产出策略学习策略的分类交际策略策略的定义Stern (1983): general tendencies or overall characteristics of the approaches employed by the language learner (as opposed to techniques which are particular forms of observable learning behavior)Rubin (1975) Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics 策略的分类attempts to develop linguistic sociolinguistic competence in the TLused to accomplish communication goals; efficient and clear use of the TLAdaptation to the failure to realize a language production goal学习策略：产出策略： 交际策略： Learning Strategies vs. Learning Techniques学习策略：除完全包括学习方法和学习技巧以外，还包括其他很多方面。如学习者对学习内容和学习过程本身的认识， 学习者对学习目标和学习过程的宏观调控和计划，学习者使用语言时采取的弥补性或辅助性的手段以及为了创造更多的学习机会而采取的策略。学习方法/技巧：学习者为了解决某个学习问题或为了使学习过程更有效而采取的某些具体的做法或手段。总之，学习策略比学习方法和学习技巧涵盖的内容要广的多。（程晓堂 郑敏， 2002:15）Classification of learning StrategiesO’Malley Chamot’s ClassificationOxford’s Classification 基于功能分类：三类学习策略( O’Malley et al. 1985)Metacognitive strategiesCognitive strategiesSocial-affective StrategiesMetacognitive strategiesprocesses learners consciously use to supervise or manage their language learning. allow learners to control their own cognition by planning what they will do, checking how it is going, and then evaluating how it went. Contents of meta-cognitive strategies strategyActionsOrganize/plan(学习任务前)Plan the task or content sequenceSet goalsPlan how to accomplish the taskManage your own learning(学习任务中)Determine how you learn best.Arrange conditions that help you learn.Seek opportunities for practice.Focus your attention on the task.Monitor (学习任务中)Check your progress on the taskCheck your comprehension as you use the language. Do you understand it?Check your production as you use the language. Are you making sense?Evaluate (学习任务后)Assess how well you have accomplished the learning task.Assess how well you have applied the strategies.Decide how effective the strategies were in