Chapter2FiberopticsandGradientindexoptics.pptVIP

Fiber optics Gradient-index optics Guiding light Bending light? Bending light! Optical fiber cable Total Internal Reflection Types of Fibers Step-index Fiber Ray Trajectories in Step Index fiber Double-clad fiber Graded-index fiber Graded Index Fiber Graded-index Fiber, cont. In the graded-index fiber, light rays that traverse longer path lengths through the outer periphery of the core travel faster in this lower index material ? all rays arrive at the same time at the output ? almost no pulse broadening! Photonics crystal fiber Special fibers Nano fibers Numerical Aperture (NA) of a Fiber NA of a Step Index Fiber NA of a GRIN Fiber NA and Light Flux NA and # of Modes Critical Bend radius Fiber Tapers Polarization Polarization Cross section of polarization maintain fiber Attenuation Attenuation Profiles Dispersion: The Basics Modal Dispersion Effect of Modal Dispersion Fabrication Fabrication Preform heated so a drop falls by gravity yielding a single fiber. Drawing rate regulated by a laser micrometer to yield a consistent diameter. Fibers typically drawn at a rate of 10–20 m/s. How to make in lab? Gradient-index optics 海市蜃楼 Two-dimensional case Two-dimensional case Two-dimensional case Example Example Example2：GRIN lens Example2：GRIN lens Light propagates at a finite speed fastest ray slowest ray slowest ray: one entering at highest angle (“high order” mode) fastest ray: one traveling down middle (“axial mode”) there will be a difference in time for these two rays Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. modal dispersion increases with: L ~ NA2 usually the biggest dispersion problem in step index multi-mode fibers Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. time time time modal example: step index ~ 24 ns km -1  GRIN ~ 122 ps km-1 initial pulse farther down farther still Evaluation only. Created with As