chapter_2-20120914.ppt

I. Boiling point of a liquid §2. Boiling-P. Elevation and Freezing-P. Depression Boiling point (沸点) of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of this liquid equals the pressure exerted on the liquid (atmospheric pressure, unless the vessel containing the liquid is closed.) Boiling point relates to the nature of liquid. Boiling point relates to atmospheric pressure. Normal boiling point: Atmospheric pressure equals to 101.3 kPa. §2. Boiling-P. Elevation and Freezing-P. Depression Boiling points of diethyl ether, ethanol, and water. Red: higher atmospheric pressure; Blue: lower atmospheric pressure. The boiling point of water at sea level (1.0 atm) is 100 oC. But at 1600 m above sea level (0.83 atm), the boiling point of water is 95 oC. §2. Boiling-P. Elevation and Freezing-P. Depression If you want to cook a stew in less time than is possible at atmospheric pressure, you can use a pressure cooker. This is especially valuable at high altitudes, where water boils at a lower temperature. The steam pressure inside the cooker is allowed to build up a given value before being released by a valve. The stew then boils at a higher temperature and is cooked more quickly. II. Boiling-point elevation (沸点升高) §2. Boiling-P. Elevation and Freezing-P. Depression The addition of nonvolatile solute to a liquid reduces its vapor pressure, the temperature must be increased to a value greater than the normal boiling point to achieve a vapor pressure of 101.3 kPa. Kb: Boiling-point-elevation constant. It depends only on the solvent. §2. Boiling-P. Elevation and Freezing-P. Depression The boiling-point elevation, ?Tb, is a colligative property of a solution equal to the boiling point of the solution minus the boiling point of the pure solvent. A person with a fever has a temperature of 102.5 °F, what is this temperature in degrees Celsius? §2. Boiling-P. Elevation and Freezing-P. Depression Ethanol has a boiling-point-elevation constant (Kb) of 1.22 K·kg·mol-1. This mean