Collision and Coalescence CSU Radar Meteorology 碰撞和聚结和雷达气象学.pptVIP

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Collision and Coalescence CSU Radar Meteorology 碰撞和聚结和雷达气象学.ppt

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ATS 351 Lab 7Precipitation March 7, 2006 Droplet Growth by Collision and Coalescence Growth by condensation alone takes too long Occurs in clouds with tops warmer than 5°F (-15°C)? Greater the speed of the falling droplet, the more air molecules the drop encounters Important factors for droplet growth High liquid water content within the cloud Strong and consistent updrafts Large range of cloud droplet sizes Thick cloud Collision and Coalescence Droplet Growth by the Bergeron process Cold clouds Homogeneous nucleation of ice Vapor deposition Accretion Aggregation Homogeneous nucleation of ice Freezing of pure water Enough molecules in the droplet must join together in a rigid pattern to form an ice embryo Smaller the amount of pure water, the lower the temperature at which water freezes Supercooled droplets Water droplets existing at temperatures below freezing Homogeneous nucleation (freezing) occurs at temperatures of –40°C Vapor deposition From vapor to solid Not likely in our atmosphere Ice nuclei Ice crystals form in subfreezing air on particles called ice nuclei Ice nuclei are rare; only one out of 10 million aerosols is an effective ice nuclei Fewer sources than CCN Desert and arid regions: silicate particle (dominant)? Clay particles: for temperatures between –10 and –20°C Volcanic emissions Combustion products bacteria IN may be de-activated when exposed to atmospheres with high concentrations of Aitken nuclei produced by industrial processes Oceans are NOT good sources of IN IN requirements Insolubility If soluble, cannot maintain molecular structure requirement for ice Size Must be comparable, or larger than, that of a critical ice embryo (typically 0.1 microns)? Chemical bond Must have similar hydrogen bonds to that of ice available at its surface Crystallographic Similar lattice structure to that of ice (hexagonal)? Active Site Pits and steps in their surfaces Heterogeneous nucleation Vapor deposition Direct transfer of water vapor to nucleus Conde