CONTEXTFREE GRAMMARS University of Essex上下文无关文法埃塞克斯大学.pptVIP

Jun. 2000 CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS Syntactic analysis (Parsing) Goals of syntactic analysis For deeper understanding To identify TERMS E.g., in information retrieval In lexical acquisition, to identify GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS For grammar checking For generation Beyond regular languages: Context-Free Grammars Derivations A DERIVATION of a string is a sequence of rule applications E.g., the string “a flight” can be derived from the grammar above and symbol NP by the (leftmost first) derivation NP = Det Nominal = a Nominal = a Noun = a flight Derivations can be visualized as PARSE TREES The LANGUAGE defined by a CFG is the set of strings derivable from the start symbol S (for Sentence) Derivations and parse trees A more formal definition A CFG is a 4-tuple N,?,P, S consisting of What `context free’ means Derivations and languages The language LG GENERATED by a CFG grammar G is the set of strings of TERMINAL symbols that can be derived from the start symbol S using the production rules in G LG = {w | w is in ?* and S derives w} The strings in LG are called GRAMMATICAL The strings not in LG are called UNGRAMMATICAL Grammar development One of the most basic skills in NLE is the ability to write a CFG for some fragment of a language (e.g., the dates) We’ll briefly cover some of the issues to be addressed when writing small CFG grammars An example lexicon An example grammar A simple parse tree Basic types of phrases Sentences Noun Phrases Verb phrases Prepositional phrases Basic types of sentences Noun phases: premodifiers NP ? (Det) (Card) (Ord) (Quant) (AP) Nominal Det: Determiners a flight Optional: I’m looking for flights to Denver Card: Cardinal numbers (one stop) Ord: Ordinal numbers (the first flight) Quantifiers: most flights to Denver leave in the morning AP (Adjectives): three very expensive seats Noun phases: postmodifiers Nominal ? Noun Nominal ? Nominal PP (PP) (PP) Nominal ? Nominal GerundVP Nominal ? Nominal RelClause Types of postnominal modifiers Recurs