Contingency Contracting, Token Economy, and Group 意外收缩象征经济与集团.pptVIP

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2016-12-30 发布于上海
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Contingency Contracting, Token Economy, and Group 意外收缩象征经济与集团.ppt

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* Designed to provide secondary reinforcers (tokens) for appropriate behavior. Can also be removed for inappropriate behavior. Is often used in group homes, educational settings, and institutional settings. Are behavior change systems Three major components Specified list of behaviors to reinforce Tokens or points for emitting those behaviors A menu of back-up reinforcers for which the learner can exchange tokens/points(Effectiveness of tokens as reinforcers depends upon the power of the back-up reinforcers) * Tokens can be anything Stars Coins Cigarettes * Can use token economies for early grades to increase student performance Stars * Business Bonus Charts Can increase work performance. Medical Weight reduction, food control for diabetes, Flossing. Identify target behaviors Evaluate the behavior to be changed Select tokens Select menu of back-up reinforcers Identify target behaviors/rules Establish ratio exchange Specify when/how tokens will be dispensed and exchanged Field test Select measurable/observable behaviors Specify criteria for task completion Start with a small number of behaviors Ensure learners possess prerequisite skills It is okay to individualize…rules don’t have to be the same for everybody Need to establish a baseline Need ongoing monitoring during the intervention Need to see if your intervention was successful Washers, checkers, coupons, poker chips, tally marks, holes punched in cards… Considerations Must be safe Need to control counterfeiting and bootlegging Must be durable Accessible Cheap Token should not be a desirable object Identify what the token can be exchanged for Select a menu Use naturally-occurring activities when possible Privileges Tangibles and edibles can be used as well Follow ethical and legal rules Establish a Ratio of Exchange Initial ratio should be small After that, adjust ratio for maintenance Procedure for Dispensation May need storage containers Procedure for Exchange Usually a “store” of some sort Initiall