管理与传播讲义.pptVIP

改进措施实施的困难 认识现状和问题只是第一步 各种障碍：结构的、态度的、… 需要解答的： 审计究竟有什么用？答案越具体越好 是不是个人能力的评估？ 什么是有效审计的最大困难？ 审计方法 问卷(questionnaire) 访谈(interview) 焦点小组(focus group) 记录(log-sheet) 网络分析(network analysis) 关键事件法(critical incident technique) 人类志记录法(constitutive ethnography) 德尔菲法（Delphi technique） 结束语 “组织人” 在一特定情境中， 参照共享的阐释框架， 使用符号传递、谈判并分享意义， 完成组织任务 * A solution is proposed to several long-standing problems in the theory of rational social action: emotional or altruistic behavior that escapes cost/benefit calculations; the lack of a common metric among different spheres of action; and naturalistic evidence that choice in real-life situations involves little calculation. Emotional, symbolic, and value-oriented behavior is determined by a social mechanism, the dynamics of interaction rituals (IRs). Because IRs vary in the amount of solidarity they provide, and in their costs of participating, there is a market for ritual participation that shapes the distribution of individual behavior. IRs generate a variable level of emotional energy (EE) in each individual over time, and EE operates as the common denominator in terms of which choices are made among alternative courses of action. Individuals apportion their investments in work and in ritual participation to maximize their overall flow of EE. The economy of participating in interaction rituals shapes individual motivation for participating in the economy of material goods and services. Microsituational cognition is determined by the EE and the cognitive symbols generated by IRs, bringing about the tendency to narrow the range of alternatives that are consciously focused upon in choice situations. Nevertheless, the aggregation of microsituations is subject to interactional markets, which gives individuals a rational trajectory in the medium-run drift of behavior. * 企业史专家Chandler《战略与结构：美国工商企业成长的若干篇章》1962，云南人民出版社，2002 * * 维克《组织社会心理学》（人大出版社，2009） 1. 组织“是有着共同预期的结构，这些预期是和角色密切相连的，因为角色会界定组织中的每一个成员对他人和自己应该有什么样的预期” 　　2. 一个组织“是一个可辨识的社会实体，它通过在其成员及客体中