专英填空和翻译和词汇-by周瑶.doc

5.1 Nucleophiles and Electrophiles亲核试剂和亲电试剂 1、Enol derivatives of carbonyl compounds are covalent analogs类似物 of enolate ions. 5.2 Types of Reactive Intermediates 活性中间体 1、Common intermediates in organic reactions include carbocations (碳正离子), radicals (基, 自由基) (including carbenes (卡宾,碳烯) and radical ions), and carbanions (). 2、（填空）A carbene has two non bonding electrons on the divalent carbon atom, making it uncharged. 3、（译英）A free radical containing an atom with an unpaired electron is highly reactive because it wants to acquire an electron to complete its octet. 4、Carbenes are neutral species having a carbon atom with only two s bonds and two electrons. There are two kinds: singlet （单[线]态in which the two electrons have opposite spins and are paired in one orbital, and triplet （ 三线态三重态in which the two electrons have the same spin and are in different orbitals. 5、（填空）A carbanion is pyramidal, rather than a planar geometry, with three sp3 hybridized orbitals and the fourth hybrid orbital occupied by an unshared electron pair. 6、（译英）Carbanions are almost always bonded to stabilizing groups. They can be stabilized either by inductive effects or by resonance. 7、A carbonyl group (C=O) stabilizes an adjacent carbanion by overlap重叠 of its π bond with the nonbonding electrons of the carbanion. The negative charge is delocalized onto the electronegative oxygen atom of the carbonyl group. 8、（译英）A carbanion has a negative charge on its carbon atom, making it a more powerful base and a stronger nucleophile than an amine. 5.3 Classification of Reactions 1、（译英）A reaction in which two reactant molecules combine to yield a single molecule of product containing the atoms of both reactants is called an addition reaction. 2、Rearrangement reactions occur when one starting material forms one product with a different arrangement of atoms and bonds. 3、（译英）Oxidation in organic chemistry usually implies removal of hydrogen or replacement of a hydrogen atom linked to carbon with a more ele