《2.SCM-3 Inventory Management, supply contracts.buy-back and Revenue sharing. and risk pooling.pptVIP

 Inventory Management Outline 经济订货批量Economic Ordering Quantity The Effect of Demand Uncertainty 供应链契约?? Sequential Optimization –No Risk Sharing??（风险分担） 回购?? 收入共享契约 其它契约，理论上来说有无数种 Service Level: (s, S) Policy Periodic Review Policy?? Risk Pooling: Centralized集中 vs. Decentralized分散 Systems?? Inventory Turn Over Ratio 库存管理 Where do we hold inventory从上图来看，库存在哪里? Suppliers and manufacturers 制造商 warehouses and distribution centers–retailers?? 每个点都可能备有库存 库存的种类 Work-in-Process (WIP) raw materials finished goods?? 库存从本质上来说是？ Why do we hold inventory? Economies of scale 规模经济 Uncertainty in supply and demand Lead Time 提前期, Capacity limitations 生产能力限制 库存管理目标：缩减成本、提高服务水平 由于进行了有效的库存管理: Xerox eliminated $700 million inventory from its supply chain Wal-Mart became the largest retail company utilizing efficient inventory management GM has reduced parts备件 inventory and transportation costs by 26% annually 库存管理目标：缩减成本、提高服务水平 由于没有进行有效的库存管理： In 1994, “IBM continues to struggle with shortages in their ThinkPad line”(WSJ, Oct 7, 1994) In 1993, “Liz Claiborne said its unexpected earning decline is the consequence of higher than anticipated excess inventory” (WSJ, July 15, 1993) In 1993, “Dell Computers predicts a loss; Stock plunges（猛跌）. Dell acknowledged that the company was sharply off in its forecast of demand, resulting in inventory write downs” (WSJ, August 1993) 理解库存管理 库存政策受以下因素影响: Demand Characteristics需求特性 Lead Time 产品种类的多少。 公司目标?? Service level?? Minimize costs Cost Structure 成本结构 库存成本结构 订购成本 Fixed Variable?? 持有成本 Insurance保险 Maintenance and Handling维护与处理 Taxes Opportunity Costs机会成本 Obsolescence 过期 EOQ经济订购批量: A Simple Model* Book Store Mug 杯子Sales Demand is constant, at 20 units a week Fixed order cost of $12.00, no lead time Holding cost of 25% of inventory value annually Mugs cost $1.00, sell for $5.00?? Question How many to order? EOQ: A View of Inventory* EOQ: 计算总成本* Purchase Cost： Constant?? Holding Cost: (Avg. Inven) * (Holding Cost)?? Ordering (Setup Cost)