Telephone networks - 長庚大學資訊工程學系.PPT

Chapter 9Using Telephoneand Cable Networksfor Data Transmission 長庚大學資訊工程學系 陳仁暉 副教授 Tel: (03) 211-8800 ext: 5990 Email: jhchen@.tw URL: .tw/~jhchen Telephone System Local loops A twisted-pair cable that connects the subscriber telephone to the nearest end office or local central office. The local loop, when used for voice, has a bandwidth of 4000 Hz (4 kHz). Trunks A transmission media that handle the communication between offices. Handles hundreds or thousands of connections through multiplexing. Switching office Connects several local loops or trunks Local-Access Transport Areas LATAs (local-access transport areas) In January 1, 1984, ATT was broken into ATT Long Lines, 23 Bell Operating Companies (BOCs) Intra-LATA services Common carriers local exchange carrier (LEC) Incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC) Provided services before 1996 owns the cabling system (local loops) Competitive local exchange carriers (CLEC) New carriers that can provide services Inter-LATA services Interexchange carriers (IXCs) Long-distance companies Signaling In-band signaling The communication (setup and teardown phases) is performed by human operators and finished in the same circuit for both signaling and voice communication. Out-band signaling Use the digital signals to create a connection between the caller and the called parties. A portion of the voice channel bandwidth is used for signaling. Signaling Systems Today Signaling system’s tasks nowadays Providing dial tone, ring tone, and busy tone Transferring telephone numbers between offices Maintaining and monitoring the call Keeping billing information Maintaining and monitoring the status of the telephone network equipment Providing other functions such as caller ID, voice mail, and so on ADSL Discrete multitone technique (DMT) Voice: Channel 0 Idle: Channels 1-5 not used and provide a gap between voice and data Data: Channels 26-108 and 138-1104 Upstream data and control (4kHz/channel) Channels 6 to 30 (25 channels) are used