Functionalism_vs_formalism.pptVIP

Functionalism Formalism 1.Functionalism Analysis of language from the language itself to the communicative function. Representative person: Halliday: systemic—functional grammar Halliday ●sees functions as particularly relevant to the analysis of text (by which he means “everything that is said or written”). ●defines a functional grammar as “essentially a ‘natural’ grammar, in the sense that everything in it can be explained”. Halliday believes that language is what it is because it has to serve certain functions. In other words, social demand on language has helped to shape its structure. 语言之所以是语言，就是因为它必须提供某种功能。换言之，社会对语言的要求促使语言形成了自身的结构。 Children’s learning of language Language development in children as “the mastery of linguistic functions”, and “learning language is learning how to mean”. Adults’ learning of language According to Halliday, the adults language becomes much more complex and it has to serve many more functions, and the original functional range of childrens language is gradually reduced to a set of highly coded and abstract functions, which are metafunctions: the ideational function, the interpersonal function, and the textual function. Three functions 1.Ideational function The ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of experience. It includes the experiential function and the logical function. 语言是对存在于主客观世界的过程和事物的反映，这是“经验”（experiential）功能，或者说关于所说的“内容”的功能。在语言中还有“逻辑（logical）功能，即以表现为并列关系和从属关系的线性的循环结构的形式出现，由于两者都是建立于说话人对外部世界和内心世界的经验，与其功能相比较是中性的，因而可统称为“概念”（ideational）功能。 Three functions 2.Interpersonal function The interpersonal function refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations. 语言是社会人的有意义的活动，是做事的手段，是动作，因此它的功能之一必须是反映人与人间的关系。这个纯理功能称为“人际”（interpersonal）功能。 Three functions 3.Textual function Textual functio