《组织行为学10-5.pptVIP

(C)Copyright ZHNAGBO 组织行为学 激励 Motivation 激励 激励就是通过高水平的努力实现组织目标的意愿，而这种努力以能够满足个体的某些需要为条件。三个关键因素： 努力 组织目标 需要: 使特定结果具有吸引力的某种内部状态 基本激励过程 激励的挑战 动机只能判断， 不能明确看到。 需求是不断变化的。 人们受到的激励和人们对之做出的反应的力度是有差异的。 激励理论分类 内容型激励理论 过程型激励理论 综合型激励理论 两大规律 剥夺——主宰 满足——进展 需要层次的关系 各层次从低到高递升 在一个时期内，总有某种需求占主导地位 一种需求满足了，会向高层次的需求发展 人们大部分的需要是意识不到的 满足高层需求的方式多于低层需求 X-theory Y-theory(McGregor) 一个管理者关于人性的观点是建立在一组特定的假设之上的。 X理论 Y理论 McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y ERG模式(C.Alderfer) 生存需求Existence 关系需求Relatedness 成长需求Growth ERG模式(C.Alderfer) 实现——进展 受挫——衰退 McClellands  Acquired-Needs Theory Need for Achievement (nAch) The desire to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks. Need for Power (nPower) The desire to control other persons, to influence their behavior, or to be responsible for other people. Need for Affiliation (nAff) The desire to establish and maintain friendly and warm relations with other persons. Need for Achievement Represents a need to accomplish. Evaluators, not risk takers Concerned more with accomplishment than reward Need feedback on work High task, low relationship Need for Affiliation Represents a need for establishing, maintaining or restoring a positive friendship relationship from peers and colleagues. Peer acceptance more important than managerial rewards Good as support staff High relationship Need for Power Need for accomplishment through others Respond to competition Desire recognition Risk takers nAch and nPow Both lead to outstanding activity Power people understand and are active in politics Power people seek to control channels of communication Achievement seek to improve daily performance Achievement people are uncomfortable with politics or control Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) David McClelland uses a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to measure the strengths of three acquired needs Show a picture several minutes , Write a story discribing what is going on, what preceded this situation, what will happen