The History of Urologic Surgery.docx

The History of Urologic SurgeryIrmina Nahon, PhD(c), Gordon Waddington, PhD, Grace Dorey, PhD, FCSP, Roger Adams, PhDUrol Nurs.?2011;31(3):173-180.?Abstract and IntroductionAbstractBladder function has interested man since prehistoric times. Evidence of health and well being was often measured from observation of urine. When urologic function was impaired, the extent of the ensuing pain often called for dramatic measures to obtain relief. The practice of urology has advanced substantially since the days when reeds were used to alleviate obstruction of the bladder. This article presents a brief historical overview of urology and the strides made in prostate surgery with modern technology.IntroductionFrom ancient times, man considered urine to be permeated with, soul substances, and for some early African societies, rain was considered the urine of a deity (Roheim, 1930). While the idea of urine being rubbed on the body to protect against evil spirits (Wershub, 1970) seems strange, some superstitious beliefs and remedies may actually have some basis in terms of therapeutic effects.The use of urine for cosmetic or hygienic purposes can be found throughout history to cure, soften, and whiten animal skins (Auel, 1985). The ammonia in urine, when used as a mouthwash, works prophylactically against dental cavities. Pierr Rauchard, known as the father of dentistry, recommended ,rectified urine for use as a dentifrice and toothache remedy (Wershub, 1970, p. 11). Urine was also utilized as a skin softener in the 17th century, with French ladies taking urine baths to beautify their skin. It was also promoted as a cure for corns and warts, and as a substance that could cure baldness by promoting new hair growth.Urine was one of the main humors, or bodily fluids, used by medicine men, doctors, and charlatans alike to assess the well being of their patients. Collecting urine for functional purposes may have led incidentally to the observation that urine qualities change with diff