专业英语2-3.doc

Historical Development of Matertials and Technology The common engineering materials include metals, cementing materials, concrete building stones, clay products, insulating materials, timber. Some of them are described here from the stand-point of occurrence, manufacture, properties, methods of testing, and use. The development of materials with improved properties is a vital phase of engineering. Progress in engineering construction has been dependent on the availability of materials of suitable physical properties in large quantities; for example, the development of the modern automobile was critically dependent on availability of high quality alloy steels, and the all-metal airplane was made possible by the development of light weight high-strength alloys. 普通工程材料包括金属、胶凝材料、混凝土建筑的石头,粘土制品、绝缘材料、木材。他们中的一些人在这里描述的角度来看发生、制造、属性、方法的测试和使用。 材料的发展与改进的属性是一个至关重要的阶段的工程。工程建设的进展一直依赖于可用性的材料合适的物理性质在大量;例如,现代汽车的发展是极度依赖于可用性高质量的合金钢、和全金属飞机之所以成为可能,是因为重量轻的发展高强度合金。 ??Phase: ??a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of somethings development Example： phase two of the development is in progress. ??第二阶段开发正在进行中。 ??Vital: 必要的，必不可少的。 ??it is vital that the system is regularly maintained.这个系统有必要经常维修。 It can be said that The history of materials is the history of man. Of course, the reverse can be stated:The history of man is the history of materials. It is said that New materials are a prerequisite for new technologies. Again the reverse is true. Furthermore, it is true that technology influences man and vice versa. From this viewpoint the question of pre-eminence among the three partners, man, materials and technology is an intellectual game: a controversy of the chicken and the egg type. ??reverse 相反，相对。文中作名词用 “the reverse can be stated…..” Example: This material didn’t resist to the heat, quite the reverse. 恰恰相反，这种材料根本就不耐热。 除做名词外，还可以做动词和形容词用。 做动词：the ships engines reversed and cut out altogether. 船上的发动机出现反转，然后就全停了。 做形容词：the trend appears to