普通心理学重点.docVIP

Chapter 1 General psychology(普通心理学):a branch of psychology which study the most common and principles and rules of humans，normal behaviors and thinking. Intorspection (内省法):a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings. Longitudinal study(纵向研究法):research method in which data is collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development. Cross-sectional study(横向研究法):research method in which data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age. Five steps of the scientific(研究心理学科学方法的五个步骤): Ask a question or identify(鉴定) a problem.From a hypothesis（假设）.Test the hypothesis and collect data.(experiments)Analyze the results of your test.Draw conclusions. Methods of research(心理学的研究方法):Naturalistic observation(自然观察法)Case Study(个案研究法)survey(调查法)Longitudinal study(纵向研究法)Cross-sectional study(横向研究法)⑥Correlations and explanations(相关研究和实验研究)⑦Experiment(实验法) Chapter 3 Sensation Sensation(感觉):an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation.人脑对直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物的个别属性的反映。 What is our vestibular sense? Sense Stimulus （刺激） Sense Organ （感觉器官） Receptor （感受器） Sensation （感觉） Sight Light waves Eye Rods and cones of retina Colors,patterns,textures motion,depth in space Hearing Sound wave Ear Hair cells located in inner ear Noises,tones Skin sensations External（外部） contact(接触) Skin Nerve endings（神经末梢） in skin Touch,pain, warmth,cold Smell Volatile substances （易挥发物质） Nose Hair cells of olfactory （嗅觉） membrane（膜） Odors(musky,flowery,burnt, minty) Taste Soluble substances（可溶解的物质） Tongue Taste buds of tongue Flavors(sweet,sour,salty,bitter Vestibular （前庭） sense Mechanical (机械的)and gravitational（重力） forces Inner ear Hair cells of semicircular canals and vestibule Spatial movement, (空间位置) gravitational pull Kinesthesis （运动觉） Body movement Muscles,tendons and joints Nerve fibers