语言学考试期末复习大纲.docVIP

the number of words in a language is relatively finite but their possible combination is infinite. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Linguistic is the systematic(or scientific)study of language Phonetics 发音学，语音学is the scientific study of speech and is concerned with defining and classifying speech sounds. Phonology 音位（系）学is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. Morphology形态学 语法 is the study of the formation of words or the study of the internal structures of the form of words. Syntax 句法is the study of the arrangements of words in a sentence. Semantics 语义学is the study of the meaning of language. Semantic field语义场 refers to the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another. 比如杯子，大杯子放在一起就是语场 Synonyms are words that are close in meaning. Antonymy: oppositeness of meaning Meronymy部分整体关系： part/whole relationship. Hyponymy 上下义关系refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word（E.g. Superordinate: flower Hyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily） Homonymy: 同音异义words having different meanings have the same form. E.g. ball. Polysemy: 多义性the same one word may have more than one meaning. E.g. table Language function: 谁提出的：Finch 1. Physiological function生理功能 2. Phatic function 寒暄功能 3. Recording function 记录功能 4. Identifying function 辨别功能 5. Reasoning function 推理功能 6. Communicating function交流功能 7. Pleasure function 娱乐功能 Metafunctions of Language纯理功能 Ideational function （概念功能） Interpersonal function （人际功能） Textual function （语篇功能） Some Important Distinctions on Linguistics Langue and Parole语言和言语（语言是抽象的系统，言语是具体化的） Prescriptive and Descriptive描述性和规定性linguistics is descriptive, Synchronic and Diachronic共识性和历时性 Speech and Writing 口语和书面语 Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic（横）组合和（纵）组合P33 Competence and Performance语言能力（内置规则）和语言行为（说话） Functionalism and Formalism语言功能主义和语言形式主义 How