应用语言学复习整理.docVIP

1. Leech’s 7 types of meanings (1). conceptual meaning (logical meaning, cognitive meaning, or denotative meaning, 外延意义) It is denotative in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. Denotative meaning is the objective reflection of world. (2). Connotative meaning（内涵意义） Connotative meaning is what is communicated by virtual of what language refers to. It refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind. The characteristics: in cannot stand by itself and is always dependent on denotative meaning connotations may be different according to different person, age, society, country or time. In different languages, some words may have the same connotative meaning. Connotation is unstable. (3) social or stylistic meaning Social meaning is the meaning that a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. (4) affective meaning Affective meaning is connected with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer. (5) reflected meaning What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression is called reflected meaning, like euphemistic expression. (6) collocative meaning（组合意义，like handsome woman:仪态端庄） Collocative meaning is what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. (7) thematic meaning (主题意义，强调句子的组织和语序) Thematic meaning is what communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. 2. Referential meaning The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. Semantic triangle: word (concept) thing 4 ways to explain a word, like desk A. by pointing to a desk and saying this is the desk B. by describing its shape and feature or function C. paraphrase D. translation Sense(涵义)----reference（指称） connotation(内涵)----denotation(外延) （but not every word