chapter1– the scopeof ecology（第一章–新生态）.docVIP

Chapter 3 – Energy in Ecological Systems Fundamental Concepts Related to Energy: The Laws of Thermodynamics Statement Key terms: energy first law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of energy) second law of thermodynamics (law of entropy) entropy Explanation Key terms: kinetic energy potential energy energy flow Solar Radiation and the Energy Environment Statement Key terms: solar radiation solar constant Explanation Key terms: thermal radiation solarimeters radiometers net radiometer Concept of Productivity Statement Key terms: primary productivity gross primary productivity net primary productivity net community productivity secondary productivities Explanation Key terms: time element food-to-fiber ratio (harvest ratio) Green Revolution Haber process Concept of Energy Subsidy Key term: energy subsidy (auxiliary energy flow) The Subsidy-Stress Gradient Key terms: energy drain (stress) subsidy-stress gradient Concept of Source-Sink Energetics Key terms: source-sink energetics outwelling The Distribution of Primary Production Human Use of Primary Production Productivity and Biodiversity: A Two-Way Relationship Chlorophyll and Primary Production Ecological Pyramids Key term: ecological pyramids Measurement of Primary Production A Universal Energy Flow Model Key terms: universal model trophic level secondary production Energy Partitioning in Food Chains and Food Webs Statement Key terms: food chain grazing food chain detritus food chain food web Explanation Key terms: omnivores granivorous food chain nectar food chain Examples Resource Quality Key term: phycosphere Reward Feedbacks and the Role of Heterotrophs in Food Webs Key terms: reward feedback eutrophication Ecological Efficiencies Key terms: ecological efficiencies production efficiency The Interaction of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Control of Energy Flow in Food Webs Key terms: bottom-up hypothesis top-down hypothesis bottom-up controls top-dow