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mainruptureandadjacentbeltsofright左外侧（ mainruptureandadjacentbeltsofright-andleft-lateral）.doc

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Main rupture and adjacent belt of right-lateral distortion detected by viaduct at Kayna?l?, Turkey 12 November 1999 Düzce Earthquake by Arvid M. Johnson Kaj M. Johnson Joe Durdella Mete Sozen Turel Gur Earthquake Engineering Group School of Civil Engineering and Harry Fielding Reid Earthquake Rupture Laboratory Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Purdue University 3 April 2001 Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Background of this Study 8 Rebound Theory vs. Observation 8 Right-lateral Rupture Zones 10 Composite Idealized Model 11 The Düzce Earthquake 12 The Surveys 14 Deformation of Quadrilaterals of Resurveyed Piers 17 Belt of Right-lateral Shearing at Kayna?l? 21 Explanation of Right-lateral Process Zone on Either Side of Right-lateral Fault 22 Process Zone 22 Assumptions and Observations 23 Strains Above Strike-slip Fault Propagating in Mode III 25 2 km Depth 25 0.5 km Depth 25 0.1 km Depth 25 Results of Simulations 26 Implications of the Research 27 Acknowledgements 29 Appendix 30 References Cited 33 Abstract The fault trace of the 12 November 1999 earthquake in the Düzce-Bolu region in Anatolia crossed the alignment of a two-kilometre viaduct in Kayna?l? that had been carefully surveyed. The builders of the viaduct, the ASTALDI-BAYINDIR Co., resurveyed the viaduct after the earthquake. We repeated the survey for approximately one kilometre of the eastern end of the viaduct and obtained essentially identical results. Though it was unfortunate that the earthquake damaged the new structure, the piers did produce an unusual record of ground deformation of an earthquake. In effect, the viaduct was a giant strain gage that yielded reliable data about ground movement and distortion near a fault. This paper describes the survey data and their evaluation leading to convincing evidence that (a) the fault trace must be considered, not as a fault line or plane, but as a fault zone with a finite width and that (b) the structural damage within t