phosphorus determinationusingthe colorimetric ascorbic acid（磷的比色determinationusingthe抗坏血酸）.docVIP

Phosphorus Measurements Introduction Phosphorus has been identified as a prime nutrient needed for algae growth in inland environments. In 1992, the EPA reported that accelerated eutrophication was one of the leading problems facing the Nations lakes and reservoirs. Eutrophication caused by the overabundance of nutrients in water can result in a variety of water-quality problems, including fish kills, noxious tastes and odors, clogged pipelines, and restricted recreation. In freshwater, phosphorus is often the nutrient responsible for accelerated eutrophication. Many algae blooms in rivers and lakes are attributed to elevated phosphorus concentrations resulting from human activities. Phosphorus enters surface waters from agricultural and urban runoff as well as from industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent. No national criteria have been established for concentrations of phosphorus compounds in water; however, to control eutrophication, the EPA makes the following recommendations: Total phosphates should not exceed 50 ?g/L (as phosphorus) in a stream at a point where it enters a lake or reservoir. Total phosphorus should not exceed 100 ?g/L in streams that do not discharge directly into lakes or reservoirs. Municipal wastewater treatment plants in many areas are required to remove phosphorous in their treatment process. While the biological treatment process removes some phosphorus, in most cases precipitation as an insoluble metal phosphate is required to meet discharge regulations. This precipitation step is normally accomplished with a metallic salt such as ferric sulfate, ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate. This precipitation step may be accomplished in the primary or secondary clarifiers. Another technique that has been used recently for phosphorus removal is contact with wallastonite mine tailings. The phosphorus removal is presumably by precipitation. Results obtained to date suggest that a long contact time on the order of 24 hours i