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reviewandrefinementsofthe我m p r o v eequationforestimating（ reviewandrefinementsofthe i m p r o v eequationforestimating）.doc

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Review of the IMPROVE Equation for Estimating Ambient Light Extinction Coefficients J. L. Hand and W. C. Malm TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Sampling Biases 5 2.1. Nitrate Sampling Issues 7 2.2. Ammonium Sampling Issues 9 2.3. Carbonaceous Aerosol Sampling Issues 10 2.4. Issues Related to Elemental Species and Coarse Mass 12 3. Chemical and Physical Forms of Species in the IMPROVE Equation 13 3.1. Particulate Organic Material (POM) 13 3.2. Nitrate 25 3.3. Sulfate 31 3.4. Soil Composition 33 3.5. Coarse Mass 35 3.6. Sea Salt 37 3.7. Size Distributions 38 Urban Observations 41 Rural Observations 42 Recent Observations of Size Distributions Using DMA and OPC Data at NPS Special Studies 43 Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study (SEAVS) 43 Grand Canyon Visibility Study (GRAVS) 43 Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study (BRAVO) 43 Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study (YACS) 44 4. Hygroscopic Growth 44 5. Mass Scattering Efficiencies 52 5.1. Theoretical Discussion 53 5.2. Methods for Deriving Mass Scattering Efficiencies 60 5.3. Survey of Mass Scattering Efficiencies 63 5.3.1. Theoretical Method 65 5.3.2. Measurement Method 68 5.3.3. MLR Method 69 5.3.4. Partial Scattering Method 72 5.3.5. Apportionment Method 73 5.3.6. Mass Absorption Efficiencies 76 5.4. Estimates of Dry Mass Scattering Efficiencies from IMPROVE Data 79 6. Evaluation of the Combined Data Set 111 7. Biases between Reconstructed and Measured Scattering 115 8. Summary of Suggested Refinements to the IMPROVE Equation 122 References 127 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Mean values of Roc multiplier derived from an ordinary least square multi-linear regression analysis (equation 6). 21 Figure 2. Mean seasonal values of Roc for all sites. Standard deviations are also shown as upper and lower error bars. 22 Figure 3. (a) Fine mode (Dp 1 (m) nitrate speciation of NH4NO3, NaNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 at several IMPROVE sites. The size of the pie chart reflects the magnitude o