组织再生用压电材料讲述.ppt

The effect of electrical stimulation on enhanced bone formation was initially based on the indirect hypothesis; piezoelectricity of bone generated electric ?elds that aggregated charged ions and macromolecules in the bone interstitial ?uid, which resulted in enhanced osteoblast activity. Direct electric ?elds are assumed to mobilize Ca2+and Mg2+towards the cathode or negatively charged surface and cause apatite formation, which can become a scaffold for bone formation by osteoblasts. Increased levels of gene expression for bone morphogenic proteins (BMP-2and -4) as a result of electromagnetic stimulation were noted. Zhuang et al. also found that capacitively coupled electrical stimulation increased TGF-β1 gene expression as well as the proliferation of osteoblasts. TGF-β1 expression was modulated by the calcium– calmodulin pathway. 5. Piezoelectric materials in tissue regeneration  applications 5.1. Piezoceramics Using piezoelectric materials as tissue engineering scaffolds enables electrical stimulation without the need for electrodes,external source of electricity or implanting batteries,which also eliminates the chance of accumulating products of electrolysis. Piezoelectric scaffolds can generate electric pulses as a result of transient deformations, which can be imposed by attachment and migration of cells or body movements. The most commonly used piezoelectric material in electronics is lead zirconate titanate (PZT)owing to its notable piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients. Nevertheless, 60wt.% of PZT is lead, which even in low doses causes serious health problems such as neurotoxicity, pregnancy complications, attention deficit hyperactivity and slow growth rate in children. There have been efforts to replace PZT with lead-free piezoceramics. Among popular lead-free piezoceramics, zinc oxide (ZnO), barium titanate (BT), potassium sodium niobate (KNN), lithium sodium potassium niobate (LNKN), and boron nitride nan