（全新）DSP-第7章.ppt

Digital Signal Processing Chapter 7 Filter Design Techniques 7.1 Design of Discrete-Time IIR Filters from Continuous-Time Filters In the chapter, we deal with the digital filter design methods in which a desired frequency response of the system is approximated by a system function consisting of a ratio of polynomials. Generally, the design of an IIR digital filter is carried out in three steps as follows. Specifications Approximations Realization 7.1 Design of Discrete-Time IIR Filters from Continuous-Time Filters Figure 1 Ideal magnitude specifications for digital lowpass filter 理想滤波器的幅度特性有理想、陡截止的通带和无穷大衰减的阻带两个范围，如图1所示，这显然是无法实现的，因为它们的单位取样响应均是非因果和无限长的。 实践中只能用一种因果可实现的滤波器去与之逼近，使其满足给定的误差容限。一个实际滤波器的幅度特性在通带中允许有一定的波动，阻带衰减则应大于给定的衰减要求，且在通带与阻带之间允许有一定宽度的过渡带，如图2所示。 Figure 2 Magnitude specifications for digital lowpass filter Lowpass filter specification Passband（通带） The frequency range of 0≤ω≤ ωpc is called the passband; ωpc is the passband cutoff frequency（通带截止频率）； δp is the passband tolerance, that is Stopband（阻带） The frequency range of ωsc ≤ω≤ π is called the stopband; ωsc is the stopband cutoff frequency（阻带截止频率）； δs is the stopband tolerance, that is Transition band The frequency range of ωpc ≤ω≤ ωsc is called the transition band; Lowpass filter specification Maximum passband attenuation αp Minimum stopband attenuation αp Commonly, the maximum magnitude response is assumed to be normalized to unity. For a lowpass filter, we have Design Stages for Digital Filter Design stages Analog filter approximations, including Butterworth, Chebyshev and elliptic. Continuous-time to discrete-time transformation, including impulse invariance and bilinear transformation. Frequency transformations, that is, transforming a lowpass filter into a highpass or bandpass or bandstop filter. 1 Analog Butterworth（巴特沃思）Lowpass Filters The Butterworth lowpass filter has several properties: All poles, and no zero. No ripples（波纹） in the passband and stopband. The Butterworth lowpass f