数学专业英语(吴炯圻)..docVIP

New Words Expressions: algebra 代数学 geometrical 几何的 algebraic 代数的 identity 恒等式 arithmetic 算术, 算术的 measure 测量，测度 axiom 公理 numerical 数值的, 数字的 conception 概念，观点 operation 运算 constant 常数 postulate 公设 logical deduction 逻辑推理 proposition 命题 division 除，除法 subtraction 减，减法 formula 公式 term 项，术语 trigonometry 三角学 variable 变化的，变量 2.1 数学、方程与比例 Mathematics, Equation and Ratio 4 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. 1－A What is mathematics 数学来源于人类的社会实践，比如工农业生产，商业活动， 军事行动和科学技术研究。 And in turn, mathematics serves the practice and plays a great role in all fields. No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. 反过来，数学服务于实践，并在各个领域中起着非常重要的作用。 没有应用数学，任何一个现在的科技的分支都不能正常发展。 5 From the early need of man came the concepts of numbers and forms. Then, geometry developed out of problems of measuring land , and trigonometry came from problems of surveying. To deal with some more complex practical problems, man established and then solved equation with unknown numbers , thus algebra occurred. 很早的时候，人类的需要产生了数和形的概念。接着，测量土地问题形成了几何学，测量问题产生了三角学。为了处理更复杂的实际问题，人类建立和解决了带未知数的方程，从而产生了代数学。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i.e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants are considered. 17世纪前，人类局限于只考虑常数的初等数学，即几何学，三角学和代数学。 6 The rapid development of industry in 17th century promoted the progress of economics and technology and required dealing with variable quantities. The leap from constants to variable quantities brought about two new branches of mathematics----analytic geometry and calculus, which belong to the higher mathematics. 17世纪工业的快速发展推动了经济技术的进步， 从而遇到需要处理变量的问题。从常量到变量的跳跃产生了两个新的数学分支-----解析几何和微积分，他们都