晚清洋务派的近代化思想评析(毕业论文)..docVIP

晚清洋务派的近代化思想评析 摘要：洋务运动运动在思想方面也产生了重大影响， 洋务派面对新的形势，提出了“中学为体，西学为用”这一最早的近代化思想。 曾国藩、李鸿章、张之洞都是中国近代史上举足轻重的人物，都是洋务运动代表人物。他们在思想方面有相同点，也有相当大的差异。曾国藩与李鸿章在洋务指导思想上都络守着“中学为体，西学为用”的方针。曾国藩主张维护封建纲常、封建体制的基础与前提下，学习西方先进的科学技术，以达到“自强”的目的。虽然曾国藩未曾明确提出：“中学为体，西学为用”的主张，但他的洋务思想主旨即为“中体西用”。张之洞的“中学为体”并非如顽固派那样全盘地否定和抛弃西学，他在维护封建皇权、坚持中学为体的原则下还有承认西学、积极兴治西学的一面。张之洞的思想表现出一定程度的发展独立性，提出了一系列符合客观经济规律的观点和主张，这些主张和观点在当时的历史条件下可以肯定地说是比较先进的，成为他从事洋务活动、致力振兴实业的指导思想。 关键词：曾国藩，李鸿章，张之洞，洋务运动，思想评析 COMMENTS ON AND ANALYSING OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS RECENT THOUGHT DURING THE MODERN TIMES THAT THE LATE QING DYNASTY [ABSTRACI]:The westernization movement also had the significant influence in the thought aspect, the foreign affairs has sent facing the new situation, proposed “the middle school was the body, the western learning for uses” this earliest modernizing thought. Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong all are in the Chinese modern history the pivotal character, all is the westernization movement representative personage. They have the same spot in the thought aspect, also has the quite big difference. Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang all wind in the foreign affairs guiding ideology are defending “the middle school are the body, the western learning for uses” the policy. Zeng Guofan advocated the maintenance feudalism three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues, under the feudal system foundation and the premise, studies the Western advanced science and technology, achieves “striving to improve” goal. Although Zeng Guofan not explicitly proposed: “The middle school is the body, the western learning for uses” the position, but his foreign affairs thought primary intention is “west the body uses”. Zhang Zhidong “the middle school is the body” like diehard such overall denies and abandons the western learning by no means, he in the maintenance feudalism imperial authority, persisted the middle school also has the acknowledgment western learning for under the body principle, is popular positively governs the western