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P5 An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements. There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive elements and active elements. An active element is capable of generating energy while a passive element is not. Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The most important active elements are voltage or current sources that generally deliver power to the circuit connected ， 电路仅仅是元件之间的相互结合。我们发现电路中存在有两种元件：无源元件和有源元件。有源元件能够产生能量而无源元件却不能，无源元件有电阻、电容和电感器等。最重要的有源元件是通常向与它们相连的电路释放能量的电压和电流源。 P7 Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols, as shown in Fig.1-7Since the control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or current of some other element in the circuit, and the source can be voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible types of dependent sources, namely: （1）A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS). （2）A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS). （3）A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS). （4）A current-controlled current source (CCCS). Dependent sources are useful in modeling elements such as transistors, operational amplifiers and integrated circuits. 一个理想的受控源是一个有源元件，它的电源量是由另外一个电压和电流所控制。 受控源通常用菱形符号表明，如图1－7所示。由于控制受控源的控制量来自于电路中其他元件的电压或电流，同时由于受控源可以是电压源或电流源。由此可以推出四种可能的受控源类型，即 电压控制电压源（VCVS） 电流控制电压源（CCVS） 电压控制电流源（VCCS） 电流控制电流源（CCCS） 受控源在模拟诸如晶体管、运算放大器以及集成电路这些元件时是很有用的. It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow. Thus an ideal source could in theory supply an infinite amount of energy. It should also be noted that not only do sources supply power to a circuit, but they can absorb power from a circuit too. For a voltage source, we know the voltage but not the current supplied or drawn by it. By the same token, we know the current supplied by a curr