ChapterProtozoa.ppt

Feeding is via a mouth and a cytopharynx (胞咽) , (ingest food in a specialized region analogous (相似的) to a mouth, called the cytopharynx) leading to the fluid, interior cytoplasm (细胞质) where the food vacuoles are formed. Some ciliates capture their prey directly and can expand their mouths enormously; filter-feeders tend to have more complex buccal (口的) apparatus. Osmoregulation is effected by contractile vacuoles at fixed positions within the body. The vacuoles have a ring of radiating (放射性的) tubules which drain water into a central vesicle (小泡) which rapidly empties, on reaching a certain size, via a pore in the pellicle. Many ciliates can survive drought condition by encystment (包囊) in which the organism is enclosed in a tough waterproof cyst. Ciliates have one or more large macronuclei which control the non-reproductive, somatic functions of the body (macronucleus regul-ates daily metabolic activities). Micronuclei are involved in reproduction (Micronuclei are the genetic reserve of the cell). Ciliates reproduce asexually by transverse fission; Sexual reproduction is by conjugation involving an exchange and consequent reshuffling (重组) of genetic material. Conjugation : only the exchange of genetic material takes place. The macronucleus disappears. The micronucleus undergoes two meiotic (减数分裂的) divisions; all but one of the haploid micronuclei disappear. The remaining micronucleus divides by mitosis (有丝分裂) to form two ‘gametes’, one of which migrates to the other conjugating individual to fuse with its stationary micronucleus, thus forming a zygote. The conjugants separate. The zygote nucleus divides by mitosis, one of the products forming the macronucleus. 无性生殖：横二分裂 小瓜虫 小瓜虫主要寄生在鱼类的皮肤、鳍、鳃、头、口腔及眼等 部位，形成包囊呈白色小点状，肉眼可见。严重时鱼体浑身 可见小白点，故称白点病。可引起体表各组织充血。 草履虫（Paramoecium） 车轮虫寄生部位：鳃部、皮肤。流行与危害：主要危害养殖鱼类的鱼苗、鱼种和观赏鱼， 流行季节为 5～8月。全国分布。症状：病鱼沿池边狂游，不摄食，消瘦。俗称“跑马病”  棘尾虫和游仆虫 原生动物与人类的关系: 1、理想的实验动物 2、可作鱼的饵料：浮游动物 3、有孔类化石是地质上探测石油的标徽