ChapterAxisspecification.pptVIP

* At late blastula stage，Vg1 and VegT are found in the vegetal hemisphere(植物半球)，while β-catenin is located in the dorsal region. β-catenin acts synergistically (协同作用) with Vg1 and VegT to activate Nodal-related (Xnr) genes. This creates a gradient of Xnr proteins across the endoderm, highest in the dorsal region. * Regions with little or no Xnr proteins have high levels of BMP4 and Xwnt8，they become ventral mesoderm（腹部中胚层）； Regions having some Xnr proteins become lateral mesoderm侧面的中胚层； Regions with high concentration of Xnrs become organizer (dorsal mesoderm). * 2.2 Specifying the a-p axis Embryonic induction: The process where one cell or a group of cells changes the developmental fate to another. * Inducer(诱导者): the tissue that produces a signal or signals that changes the cellular behavior of the other tissue. Responder（感应者）: the tissue being induced. * 两栖类背唇（dorsal blastopore lip）：组织者(organizer) Speman and Mangold (1924) * Regional specificity of induction (初级胚胎诱导具有区域特异性) The most anterior portion of the archenteron roof induced head with balancers Head with balancers,eyes and forebrain Posterior part of head, diencephalon, otic vesicles Trunk-tail segment * Chordin,Noggin,Follistatin Cerberus, Frzb, Dickkopf Head inducers: ILGFs * BMP inhibiters (抑制子)： Block the formation of epidermis(表皮), ventrolateral mesoderm(腹侧中胚层), and ventrolateral endoderm(腹侧内胚层). Wnt inhibitors： allow the induction of head structures. Head structures are induced through insulin-like growth factor (ILGF:胰岛素样生长因子) signalling. A gradient of Caudalizing factors (尾部化因子的梯度）causes the regional expression of Hox genes, specifying the regions of neural tube. * 2.3 Specifying the Left-Right Axis In all vertebrates studied so far, the crucial event in L-R axis formation is the expression of a nodal gene in the lateral plate mesoderm on the left side of the embryo. Nodal protein activates Pitx2 on the left side of the embryo. * Pitx2 determine the direction of heart looping and gut coiling A：w